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SPAR:

A spar is a type of floating oil platform typically used in very deep waters, and is named for logs used as buoys in shipping that are moored in place vertically. Spar production platforms have been developed as an alternative to conventional platforms.

A spar platform consists of a large-diameter, single vertical cylinder supporting a deck. The cylinder is weighted at the bottom by a chamber filled with a material that is denser than water to lower the center of gravity of the platform and provide stability. Spars are anchored to the seabed by way of a spread mooring system with either a chain-wire-chain or chain-polyester-chain composition.

There are three primary types of spars; the classic spar, truss spar, and cell spar. The classic spar consists of the cylindrical hull noted above, with the heavy ballast at the bottom of the cylinder.

A truss spar has a shorter cylindrical "hard tank" than a classic spar and has a truss structure connected to the bottom of hard tank. At the bottom of the truss structure, there is a relatively small, square shaped "soft tank" that houses the heavy ballasting material. The majority of spars are of this type.

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Semi-submersible rigs make stable platforms for drilling for offshore oil and gas. They can be towed into position by a tugboat and anchored, or moved by and kept in position by their own azimuth thrusters with dynamic positioning.

A semi-submersible (semisubmerged ship) is a specialized marine vessel used in a number of specific offshore roles such as offshore drilling rigs, safety vessels, oil production platforms, and heavy lift cranes. They are designed with good stability and sea keeping characteristics. Other terms include semisubmersible, semi-sub, or simply semi.

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